King Edward III of England (r. 1327–1377) Edward III was a pivotal figure who initiated the Hundred Years’ War. His reign saw significant building and refurbishing of English palaces such as Windsor Castle and the Tower of London. Edward used these residences as centers of power to or

Damage and Destruction Many palaces and castles suffered during sieges, raids, or occupation by enemy forces. For example, parts of the Palais de la Cité were damaged in conflicts during the war, and English occupation of parts of France led to shifts in palace control. Changing Residen

The Hundred Years’ War influenced palace architecture and function in several important ways: Fortification Enhancements The frequent warfare necessitated stronger fortifications. Many palaces, originally built for comfort and display, were reinforced with thicker walls, towers, moats, a

1. The Louvre Palace Originally constructed as a fortress by Philip II in the late 12th century, the Louvre in Paris was transformed into a royal palace during the reign of Charles V (1364–1380), in the heart of the Hundred Years’ War. Charles V’s vision was to turn the Louvr